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aashto-t96-resistance-to-degradation-of-coarse-aggregate-by-abrasion-and-impact-in-the-los-angeles-machine
Aggregate Testing AASHTO T104 Soundness of Aggregate by Use of Sodium Sulfate or Magnesium SulfateAASHTO T113 Lightweight Particles in AggregateAASHTO T176 Plastic Fines in Graded Aggregate and SoilsAASHTO T255 Sand Equivalent Value of Soils and Fine AggregateAASHTO T27 Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse AggregatesAASHTO T304 Moisture Content of Aggregate by DryingAASHTO T84 Specific Gravity and Absorption of Fine AggregateAASHTO T85 Specific Gravity and Absorption of Coarse AggregateASTM C113 Standard Test Method for Density of Soil and Soil-Aggregate in Place by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth)ASTM C117 Materials Finer than 75-μm (No. 200) Sieve in Mineral Aggregates by WashingASTM C117 Materials Finer than 75-μm (No. 200) Sieve in Mineral Aggregates by WashingASTM C123 Gradation of Fine AggregateASTM C1231 Petrographic Examination of AggregatesASTM C127 Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), and Absorption of Coarse AggregateASTM C128 Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), and Absorption of Fine AggregateASTM C131 Resistance to Degradation of Small-Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and ImpactASTM C131 Resistance to Degradation of Small-Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and ImpactASTM C131 Resistance to Degradation of Small-Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and ImpactASTM C136 Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse AggregatesASTM C1365 Determination of Particle Shape Characteristics of Fine AggregateASTM C142 Clay Lumps and Friable Particles in AggregatesASTM C143 Gradation of AggregateASTM C174 Bulk Specific Gravity and Density of Compacted Asphalt Mixtures Using Saturated Surface-Dry SpecimensASTM C29 Bulk Density (“Unit Weight”) and Voids in AggregateASTM C295 Petrographic Examination of AggregatesASTM C33 Specification for Concrete AggregatesASTM C40 Organic Impurities in Fine AggregateASTM C535 Resistance to Degradation of Large-Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the Los Angeles MachineASTM C566 Total Moisture Content of Aggregate by DryingASTM C566 Total Moisture Content of Aggregate by DryingASTM C70 Surface Moisture in Fine AggregateASTM C88 Soundness of Aggregates by Use of Sodium Sulfate or Magnesium SulfateASTM C88 Soundness of Aggregates by Use of Sodium Sulfate or Magnesium SulfateASTM D1556 Density and Unit Weight of Soil in Place by the Sand-Cone MethodASTM D1557 Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modified EffortASTM D2419 Sand Equivalent Value of Soils and Fine AggregateASTM D4318 Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of SoilsASTM D448 Classification for Sizes of Aggregate for Road and Bridge ConstructionASTM D4791 Flat Particles, Elongation Index, and Degradation of Coarse AggregateASTM D5821 Bulk Specific Gravity of Compacted Asphalt Mixtures Using Saturated Surface-Dry SpecimensASTM D698 Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard EffortASTM D75 Sampling AggregatesBS 812-103 Testing Aggregates – Particle Size DistributionBS 812-110 Shape and Texture of Aggregate ParticlesBS 812-111 Determination of Aggregate Flakiness IndexBS EN 1097-2 Mechanical and Physical Properties TestingBS EN 932-1 General Sampling of AggregatesBS EN 932-3 Particle Size DistributionBS EN 933-3 Determination of Particle ShapeEN 1097-2 Tests for Mechanical and Physical Properties of Aggregates — Part 2: Methods for Determination of Resistance to FragmentationEN 1097-6 Determination of Particle Density and Water AbsorptionEN 1097-7 Determination of the Resistance to Wear by AbrasionEN 12620 Aggregates for ConcreteEN 13043 Aggregates for Bituminous Mixtures and Surface Treatments for Roads, Airfields, and Other Trafficked AreasEN 932-2 Tests for General Properties of Aggregates — Part 2: Methods for SamplingEN 933-1 Tests for Geometrical Properties of Aggregates — Part 1: Determination of Particle Size Distribution — Sieving MethodISO 11272 Determination of Resistance to Crushing of Coarse AggregateISO 13503-2 Determination of Particle Size DistributionISO 19579 Determination of Aggregate Angularity

AASHTO T96 Resistance to Degradation of Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the Los Angeles Machine Laboratory Testing Service Provided by Eurolab

The AASHTO T96 test, also known as the Resistance to Degradation of Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the Los Angeles Machine, is a widely recognized laboratory testing service used to evaluate the resistance of coarse aggregates to degradation caused by abrasion and impact. This test is governed by various international and national standards, including:

  • AASHTO T96: Standard Method of Test for Resistance to Degradation of Large-Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact Using the Los Angeles Machine (American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials)

  • ASTM C535: Standard Test Method for Resistance to Degradation of Small-Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact Using the Los Angeles Machine (American Society for Testing and Materials)

  • EN 1097-2: Methods for Determining the LA Value (European Committee for Standardization)

    • These standards outline the procedures, equipment, and parameters required for conducting the test. The AASHTO T96 standard is widely accepted and used in the transportation industry to ensure compliance with specifications for aggregate materials.

    Legal and Regulatory Framework

    The use of AASHTO T96 testing is governed by various legal and regulatory frameworks at both national and international levels. For example, in the United States, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) requires the use of this test for aggregate materials used in highway construction projects. Similarly, in Europe, the European Unions Technical Specifications for Interoperability (TSI) for rail transport require the use of EN 1097-2 standard for evaluating the LA value.

    Standard Development Organizations

    The development and maintenance of standards related to AASHTO T96 testing are overseen by various standard development organizations (SDOs), including:

  • American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)

  • American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)

  • European Committee for Standardization (CEN)

    • These SDOs ensure that standards are developed, reviewed, and updated regularly to reflect advances in technology and changes in industry requirements.

    Standard Compliance Requirements

    Compliance with AASHTO T96 testing is mandatory for various industries, including:

  • Transportation infrastructure development

  • Construction materials production

  • Pavement design and construction

    • Non-compliance with these standards can result in costly rework, project delays, and potential safety risks. Therefore, it is essential to ensure that aggregate materials meet the required specifications.

    The AASHTO T96 test is necessary for several reasons:

  • Aggregate Material Quality: The test evaluates the resistance of coarse aggregates to degradation caused by abrasion and impact, ensuring that materials meet the required quality standards.

  • Pavement Durability: The test results help predict pavement durability, reducing the risk of premature failure and maintenance costs.

  • Safety Risks: Non-compliant aggregate materials can pose safety risks, particularly in transportation infrastructure projects.

    • Business and Technical Reasons

    Conducting AASHTO T96 testing provides several benefits:

  • Product Safety and Reliability: Ensures that aggregate materials meet the required specifications, reducing the risk of accidents and injuries.

  • Compliance with Regulations: Demonstrates compliance with industry standards and regulations, avoiding costly penalties and fines.

  • Competitive Advantage: Provides a competitive advantage by ensuring that aggregate materials meet the highest quality standards.

    • Consequences of Not Performing This Test

    Failure to conduct AASHTO T96 testing can result in:

  • Costly Repairs and Maintenance: Premature failure of pavement infrastructure due to substandard aggregate materials.

  • Safety Risks: Increased risk of accidents and injuries due to non-compliant materials.

  • Regulatory Penalties: Fines and penalties for non-compliance with industry standards.

    • Industries and Sectors

    The AASHTO T96 test is required in various industries, including:

  • Transportation infrastructure development

  • Construction materials production

  • Pavement design and construction

    • Risk Factors and Safety Implications

    Non-compliance with AASHTO T96 testing can result in:

  • Safety Risks: Increased risk of accidents and injuries due to non-compliant materials.

  • Costly Repairs and Maintenance: Premature failure of pavement infrastructure due to substandard aggregate materials.

    • Quality Assurance and Quality Control Aspects

    Conducting AASHTO T96 testing ensures compliance with quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) procedures, including:

  • Material Sampling: Ensures that representative samples are taken for testing.

  • Equipment Calibration: Ensures that equipment is calibrated regularly to ensure accuracy.

    • Test Methodology and Parameters

    The AASHTO T96 test involves the following steps:

    1. Material sampling

    2. Equipment calibration

    3. Test setup

    4. Testing procedure

    The test parameters include:

  • Los Angeles (LA) value: measures the resistance of coarse aggregates to degradation caused by abrasion and impact.

  • Deleterious substances content: evaluates the presence of deleterious substances in aggregate materials.

    • Test Results and Interpretation

    Test results are interpreted as follows:

  • Pass/Fail Criteria: Materials that meet the required LA value and deleterious substances content specifications pass the test.

  • Acceptance Criteria: Materials that fail to meet the required specifications are rejected or re-tested.

    • Conclusion

    In conclusion, the AASHTO T96 test is a widely recognized laboratory testing service used to evaluate the resistance of coarse aggregates to degradation caused by abrasion and impact. Compliance with this standard is mandatory for various industries, including transportation infrastructure development, construction materials production, and pavement design and construction. Failure to conduct this test can result in costly repairs and maintenance, safety risks, and regulatory penalties.

    The AASHTO T96 test involves the following steps:

    1. Material preparation

    2. Test setup

    3. Testing procedure

    4. Data analysis

    The test parameters include:

  • Los Angeles (LA) value: measures the resistance of coarse aggregates to degradation caused by abrasion and impact.

  • Deleterious substances content: evaluates the presence of deleterious substances in aggregate materials.

    • Test results are interpreted as follows:

  • Pass/Fail Criteria: Materials that meet the required LA value and deleterious substances content specifications pass the test.

  • Acceptance Criteria: Materials that fail to meet the required specifications are rejected or re-tested.

    • Recommendations

    Based on the analysis of the AASHTO T96 test, we recommend:

  • Conducting regular testing to ensure compliance with industry standards

  • Implementing QA/QC procedures to ensure accurate results

  • Providing training and education to personnel involved in testing and material selection

    • By following these recommendations, industries can ensure that aggregate materials meet the required specifications, reducing the risk of accidents, injuries, and costly repairs.

    Appendix

    A comprehensive list of resources used for this report is provided below:

  • AASHTO T96: Standard Method of Test for Resistance to Degradation of Large-Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact Using the Los Angeles Machine (American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials)

  • ASTM C535: Standard Test Method for Resistance to Degradation of Small-Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact Using the Los Angeles Machine (American Society for Testing and Materials)

  • EN 1097-2: Methods for Determining the LA Value (European Committee for Standardization)

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